Implementation of the RSPO International Standard: Evaluation of Substantive Success and Systemic Constraints for Oil Palm Smallholders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37276/sjss.v6i2.669Kata Kunci:
Evaluasi Kebijakan, Keberlanjutan, Patologi Administratif, Petani Sawit Kecil, Sertifikasi RSPOAbstrak
Tuntutan ekonomi hijau dan standar RSPO telah memaksa terjadinya transformasi tata kelola kelapa sawit secara global. Namun, terdapat anomali empiris di Kabupaten Paser, di mana masifnya luasan perkebunan rakyat berbanding terbalik dengan rendahnya tingkat adopsi sertifikasi oleh petani sawit kecil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi tingkat keberhasilan substantif dan mengurai akar kendala sistemik dalam implementasi standar RSPO pada petani sawit kecil dengan menggunakan kerangka teoretis implementasi kebijakan Merilee S. Grindle. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berdesain deskriptif-analitis, data dihimpun melalui triangulasi teknik berupa wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan studi dokumen, yang selanjutnya dianalisis melalui pembedahan variabel isi kebijakan dan konteks implementasi. Hasil evaluasi membuktikan bahwa instrumen kebijakan telah berhasil mentransformasi perilaku tata kelola kelompok minoritas petani sawit kecil melalui rasionalitas insentif harga premium. Walakin, pencapaian tersebut gagal direplikasi secara massal akibat patologi administratif pemerintah daerah. Pemerintah daerah terdegradasi menjadi administrator pasif akibat beban ganda regulasi nasional dan standar internasional. Kegagalan institusi negara ini tervalidasi melalui kelumpuhan pelayanan administrasi legalitas lahan, ketiadaan subsidi pembiayaan audit, serta absennya sistem pendampingan teknis secara persisten. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kegagalan adopsi keberlanjutan murni berakar pada kelemahan struktural pelayanan publik, bukan penolakan kultural petani sawit kecil. Kajian ini merekomendasikan intervensi afirmatif berupa penyederhanaan birokrasi pertanahan, alokasi anggaran spesifik, dan pelembagaan pendampingan lapangan agar petani sawit kecil tidak tereliminasi dari rantai pasok global.
Unduhan
Referensi
Akmul, A., Sumarno, S., Darmawan, D., & Supriadi, A. (2024). Strategi Pengembangan Pelayanan Publik dalam Meningkatkan Transparansi Penyaluran Bantuan di Kabupaten Wajo. Konstitusi: Jurnal Hukum, Administrasi Publik, dan Ilmu Komunikasi, 1(3), 130-150. https://doi.org/10.62383/konstitusi.v1i3.138
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). One Size Fits All? What Counts as Quality Practice in (Reflexive) Thematic Analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238
Budiaji, R., Ginting, R. P., & Asropi, A. (2023). Implementasi Kebijakan dan Capaian Indeks Profesionalitas Aparatur Sipil Negara di Sekretariat Jenderal DPR RI. Jurnal Ekonomi & Kebijakan Publik, 14(2), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.22212/jekp.v14i2.3558
Chalil, D., Barus, R., & Sebayang, T. (2020). Oil Palm Smallholders’ Inclusiveness Possibility in the Industry 4.0: RSPO Sustainability Certification Case in the Palm Oil Global Supply Chain. In O. Onrizal et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) (Vol. 1, pp. 125-128). Science and Technology Publications, Lda. https://doi.org/10.5220/0010102201250128
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches (Fourth Edition). SAGE Publications. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DLbBDQAAQBAJ
Dewi, R. A. P. K., Robinson, P., Puspitarini, R. C., Maksin, M., Putri, R. Y., Hidayati, N., & Fitrianti, D. (2024). Relevansi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan dengan Risiko. Perspektif, 13(3), 767-784. Retrieved from https://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/perspektif/article/view/11660
Erina, N. G. F. (2024). Peran RSPO dan ISPO Pada Keberlanjutan Industri Minyak Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia: Studi Kasus Indofood. Briliant: Jurnal Riset dan Konseptual, 9(2), 290-298. Retrieved from https://jurnal.unublitar.ac.id/index.php/briliant/article/view/1814
Government Regulation in Lieu of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2022 Number 238, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6841). https://peraturan.go.id/id/perppu-no-2-tahun-2022
Grindle, M. S. (2017). One: Policy Content and Context in Implementation. In M. S. Grindle (Ed.), Politics and Policy Implementation in the Third World (Introduction, pp. 3-34). Princeton University Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=X4UrDgAAQBAJ
Handrian, E., & Andry, H. (2020). Sustainable Development Goals: Tinjauan Percepatan Pencapaian di Provinsi Riau. Publika: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, 6(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.25299/jiap.2020.vol6(1).4995
Judijanto, L., & Nurussama, N. (2025). Ekonomi Hijau Sebagai Solusi Keberlanjutan: Tinjauan Literatur dari Perspektif Sosial dan Ekonomi. Journal of Community Dedication, 5(1), 42-51. Retrieved from https://adisampublisher.org/index.php/pkm/article/view/1006
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39 of 2014 on Plantation (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2014 Number 308, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5613). https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang/detail/1621
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6 of 2023 on Enactment of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 on Job Creation Into Law (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2023 Number 41, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 6856). https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang/detail/1825
Mai-Moulin, T., Hoefnagels, R., Grundmann, P., & Junginger, M. (2021). Effective Sustainability Criteria for Bioenergy: Towards the Implementation of the European Renewable Directive II. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 138, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110645
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (Third Edition). Sage. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=p0wXBAAAQBAJ
Mishra, M., Desul, S., Santos, C. A. G., Mishra, S. K., Kamal, A. H. M., Goswami, S., Kalumba, A. M., Biswal, R., Silva, R. M. D., Santos, C. A. C. D., & Baral, K. (2024). A Bibliometric Analysis of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Review of Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(5), 11101-11143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03225-w
Nainggolan, H. L., Butar-Butar, K. M., Lawolo, O., Sitompul, J. B. M., & Nainggolan, L. H. (2024). Strategi Peningkatan Pemahaman Petani terhadap Sertifikasi ISPO-RSPO untuk Mendukung Sawit Rakyat Berkelanjutan. Jurnal Agrikultura, 35(3), 517-528. https://doi.org/10.24198/agrikultura.v35i3.56588
Nurbaiti, N., Hasibuan, R. R. A., & Siregar, S. N. (2024). Konsep Sustainable Development (Pembangunan Berkelanjutan) Berbasis Sosial dan Ekonomi Terhadap Perlindungan Sumber Daya Alam Perspektif Maqashid Syariah. Jurnal Manajemen Akuntansi (JUMSI), 4(3), 741-750. https://doi.org/10.36987/jumsi.v4i3.4146
Panjaitan, M., Syahrin, A., Suhaidi, S., & Siregar, M. (2014). Analisis Hukum Terhadap Kewajiban Sertifikasi ISPO (Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil) dalam Kaitannya dengan Pertumbuhan Investasi di Indonesia (Studi pada PT Rea Kaltim Plantation – Jakarta). USU Law Journal, 2(2), 43-61. Retrieved from https://jurnal.usu.ac.id/index.php/law/article/view/7935
Pareira, S. P. I. (2021). Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) Certification in Indonesia: A Complex Case of Global Environmental Governance [Dissertation, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.10840.57605
Pratama, B. A. H., & Batubara, M. M. (2024). Kinerja Pengelola dan Respon Anggota Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD) Bumi Jaya Mencapai RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil) dalam Meningkatkan Akses Pasar Minyak Sawit di Desa Bumi Harapan Kecamatan Teluk Gelam Kabupaten Oki. Societa: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis, 12(2), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.32502/jsct.v12i2.7757
Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16 of 2025 on the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification System (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2025 Number 28). https://peraturan.go.id/id/perpres-no-16-tahun-2025
Rachman, D. S. (2019). Peranan Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) dalam Meningkatkan Pendapatan Kelompok Petani Kelapa Sawit di Indonesia (2012-2018) [Bachelor Thesis, Universitas Komputer Indonesia]. ULibrary Unikom. https://elibrary.unikom.ac.id/id/eprint/1915
Rachmat, N. A. (2022). Hukum Pidana Lingkungan di Indonesia berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Ikatan Penulis Mahasiswa Hukum Indonesia Law Journal, 2(2), 188-209. https://doi.org/10.15294/ipmhi.v2i2.53737
Rahutomo, A. B., Karuniasa, M., & Frimawaty, E. (2023). Peningkatan Produktivitas Lahan Pekebun melalui Sertifikasi Kelapa Sawit Berkelanjutan di Indonesia. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian, 21(1), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.21082/akp.v21i1.43-55
Rani, N. (2025). The Impact of Palm Oil on Sustainable Development: An Analysis of Public Policy. Jurnal Governansi, 11(1), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.30997/jgs.v11i1.16314
Regulation of Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 33 of 2025 on Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification for Oil Palm Plantation Businesses (Bulletin Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2025 Number 971). https://peraturan.go.id/id/permentan-no-33-tahun-2025
Reich, C., & Musshoff, O. (2025). Oil Palm Smallholders and the Road to Certification: Insights from Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Management, 375, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124303
Rietberg, P., & Slingerland, M. (2016). Costs and Benefits of RSPO Certification for Independent Smallholders: A Science-for-Policy Paper for the RSPO. Socially and Environmentally Sustainable Oil Palm Research. https://www.sensorproject.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Costs-and-benefits-of-RSPO-certification-for-independent-smallholders-FINAL.pdf
Rizal, R., & Harahap, R. (2023, June 8). Dua Koperasi Sawit di Paser Berhasil Raih Sertifikat RSPO. Elaeis. Retrieved December 3, 2025, from https://www.elaeis.co/berita/baca/dua-koperasi-sawit-di-paser-berhasil-raih-sertifikat-rspo
RSPO. (2025, June 6). 2024 Principles & Criteria (RSPO-STD-T01-001). Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil. https://rspo.org/id/sumber-daya/?category=2024-rspo-principles-and-criteria
Safitri, A., Husna, N. L., & Saro, N. D. (2025). Kabupaten Paser Dalam Angka 2025 (Vol. 23). BPS Kabupaten Paser. https://paserkab.bps.go.id/id/publication/2025/02/28/427b3d1f88209f33e6c11435
Spradley, J. P. (2016). Participant Observation. Waveland Press. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=q7DlCwAAQBAJ
Syahrial, S., Mufti, M. I., Hakim, A., Wijaya, A., & Anjarsari, H. (2025). The Effectiveness of Public Policy in the Management of Sustainable Marine Culinary Tourism. SIGn Journal of Social Science, 6(1), 88-112. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjss.v6i1.528
Veriasa, T. O., Nurrunisa, M., & Fadhli, N. (2024). Revisiting the Implications of RSPO Smallholder Certification Relative to Farm Productivity in Riau, Indonesia. Forest and Society, 8(1), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v8i1.26964
Wulandari, A., & Nasution, M. A. (2021). Comparison of Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO), and Malaysian Sustainable Palm Oil (MSPO). Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, 29(1), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v29i1.129
Yenny, O., & Simbolon, P. G. M. (2024). Palm Oil Smallholders in Peril: Indonesia Urgency in Aiding Smallholders to Compete Fairly in their Playing Field. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 6(2), 124-143. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v6i2.372
.jpg)












