SIGn Journal of Pharmacy

Inhibiting Adenosine A2A Receptors as a Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease

2022-05-14T11:41:08+00:00

This study aims to find a new drug that has the potential to block the adenosine A2A receptor as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. The research data consisted of the 3-dimensional structure of the A2A receptor (PDB ID: 5IU4) and the crystal structure of the human (Homo sapiens) A2A receptor complex with ZM241385. The database of the testing compounds was 12 ZINC Natural products consisting of 151,837 compounds. In addition, 50 active compounds as a positive control in the validation of the virtual screening. Virtual screening modeling based on pharmacophore and molecular docking. The validated pharmacophore model was used for the virtual screening of compounds in the ZINC Natural Product Database. The validated molecular docking model was used for virtual screening of all docking parameters to the active and the decoy set compounds to the receptor. The results showed that the virtual screening with the pharmacophore model found 321 new drugs, while the molecular docking model found 50 new drugs. In this case, as a drug that can block adenosine A2A receptors. The best drugs to treat Parkinson's disease are ZINC38932599 and ZINC98365141 because these drugs can produce -11.9 Kcal/mol as the lowest ∆G value.

Microencapsulated Formulation of Petroleum Ether Fraction and Isolate of Bixa Orellana L.

2022-05-14T11:42:40+00:00

This study compares the formula between Petroleum Ether Fraction Microencapsulation and Isolate Bixa Orellana L. with Gum Arabic and Maltodextrin Encapsulants. This type of research is a laboratory experiment. Several tests were carried out in this research on the physical properties of the microencapsulated Isolate Bixa Orellana L.. In this case, the testing included organoleptic, microencapsulated yield, microencapsulated efficiency, moisture content, solubility, and flow rate. Meanwhile, the concentrations of Arabic gum and maltodextrin encapsulants were 2.78% and 17.22%, respectively. The research procedure includes the manufacture of microencapsulations by mixing maltodextrin, gum arabic, gelatin, and water which is homogenized for 1 minute. Then the mixture of bixin and tween 80 isolates was added and homogenized for 10 minutes. The solution was frozen in the freezer for 24 hours and dried by freeze-drying for 72 hours. The dry samples were ground and sieved using a 24 mesh sieve. Microencapsulates is stored in tightly closed containers and protected from light. The results showed that the flow rate, solubility, yield, and moisture content tests were significantly different (significance value <0.05). In contrast, the microcapsule efficiency test was not significantly different.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Taro Leaves (Colocasia esculenta L.) against Gram-Negative Bacteria

2022-05-14T11:48:46+00:00

This study aims to determine the potential antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of taro leaves (Colocasia esculenta L.) against gram-negative bacteria. This type of research is a laboratory experiment. The research procedure was through the sorting of taro leaves (Colocasia esculenta L.). The taro leaves were washed using running water and then dried in an oven at 105⁰C for 60 minutes. The testing method for taro leaf ethanol extract against gram-negative bacteria is carried out in two stages. The testing method for the activity of the fourth fraction of effervescent granules uses the Bioautography TLC Method, while the antibacterial activity test uses the Agar Diffusion Method. The results showed that the fourth fraction of effervescent granules had good pharmaceutical properties. In this case, the angle of the repose test resulted in 32,087°. The flow time test yielded 7.687 seconds. The flow velocity test yielded 4.772 g/s, and the foam downtime test yielded 32.33. The fourth fraction of effervescent granules test using the Bioautography TLC Method gave an effect against the bacteria salmonella typhi, escherichia coli, and vibrio cholerae at an Rf value of 0.74. Meanwhile, the antibacterial activity test using the Agar Diffusion Method gave the most significant effect against salmonella typhi bacteria with an inhibition zone diameter of 20.4 mm.

Toothpaste from Extracting Breadfruit Leaves (Artocarpus Altilis) and Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia)

2022-05-14T11:54:03+00:00

This study aims to determine the formulation and the effect of variations in the concentration of breadfruit and lime leaf extracts on toothpaste. This type of research is a laboratory experiment. This study used data from three variations in the concentration of breadfruit leaf extract, namely 20%, 15%, and 10%. The data obtained were then analyzed by SPSS. Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis test was carried out to measure the pH data, and the One Way ANOVA test was carried out to measure the foam elevation data. The results showed that variations in the concentration of breadfruit leaf extract affected the pH but did not significantly affect the increase in toothpaste foam. The formulation of the first variation (20% concentration of breadfruit leaf extract) resulted in 5.7 cm of foam elevation with a pH value of 7.74. The formulation of the second variation (15% concentration of breadfruit leaf extract) resulted in 6.1 cm of foam elevation with a pH value of 7.68. The third variation formulation (10% concentration of breadfruit leaf extract) resulted in 6.7 cm foam elevation with a pH value of 7.79. The first variation is the best result for the color category. In contrast, the third variation is the best result for the categories of smell, taste, texture, pH, and foam.

Bromelain Enzyme Activity from Pineapple (Ananas Comosus (L) Merr)

2022-05-14T12:00:26+00:00

This study describes the benefits of bromelain enzyme activity contained in pineapple (Ananas Comosus (L) Merr). This type of research is a literature study with a literature review approach. The results showed that there were many benefits of bromelain enzyme activity. The bromelain enzyme from pineapple peel extract has antibacterial activity that can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutants and Enterococcus faecalis. In addition, pineapple peel extract also has antifungal activity against the growth of Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans. Furthermore, pineapple peel extract has a coagulation effect that can prolong bleeding time. At the same time, pineapple fruit extract has an anti-inflammatory effect on osteoarthritis patients. The pineapple weevil extract can induce apoptosis in squamous carcinoma cell culture. Therefore, the activity of the bromelain enzyme contained in pineapple can provide new findings in the pharmaceutical field.