Measuring Judicial Accountability in the Algorithmic Era: Juridical Implications of Using Judicial Assistants and Black Box Risks in Constructing Judgment Arguments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v7i2.570Kata Kunci:
Black Box, Kebijaksanaan Yudisial, Kecerdasan Buatan, Keputusan Beralasan, Pertanggungjawaban HakimAbstrak
Meskipun Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia telah mengadopsi teknologi Artificial Intelligence untuk fungsi administratif, peluang penggunaan Artificial Intelligence sebagai Judicial Assistant dalam penyusunan argumen putusan memicu kekhawatiran dogmatik serius. Kekhawatiran tersebut berkaitan dengan degradasi penalaran hukum manusia di tengah kekosongan norma (rechtsvacuüm) nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendekonstruksi konsep pertanggungjawaban hakim yang gagal menjangkau kesalahan algoritma. Selain itu, penelitian ini menguji validitas putusan berbasis black box vis-à-vis prinsip keputusan beralasan dalam UU Nomor 8 Tahun 1981, serta merumuskan model regulasi preventif. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif dan pendekatan perbandingan hukum terhadap kerangka regulasi Uni Eropa, Amerika Serikat, dan Tiongkok, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa doktrin hukum konvensional menghadapi kesenjangan pertanggungjawaban akibat perilaku otonom Artificial Intelligence yang tak terduga. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa ketergantungan pada algoritma yang berkarakter opaque—seperti yang terbukti bias dalam kasus COMPAS di Amerika Serikat—secara fundamental melanggar hak terdakwa atas penjelasan. Hal ini berpotensi memicu the death of standards. Dalam kondisi ini, diskresi hakim digantikan oleh kekakuan mikro-direktif mesin. Lebih jauh, praktik pelepasan tanggung jawab oleh hakim demi efisiensi administratif mengancam independensi dan kebijaksanaan yudisial. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan urgensi adopsi model regulasi hibrida yang mengintegrasikan efisiensi teknis dengan prinsip User Control yang ketat dari European Ethical Charter. Hal ini guna memastikan teknologi tetap menjadi pelayan keadilan yang diawasi manusia, bukan tuan yang mendikte putusan.
Unduhan
Referensi
The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang-dasar
Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., & Kirchner, L. (2016, May 23). Machine Bias: There’s Software Used across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And it’s biased against Blacks. ProPublica. Retrieved September 9, 2025, from https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing
Casey, A. J., & Niblett, A. (2017). The Death of Rules and Standards. Indiana Law Journal, 92(4), 1401-1447. Retrieved from https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ilj/vol92/iss4/3
Decree of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 359/KMA/SK/XII/2022 on Templates and Guidelines for Drafting Decisions/Determinations of First-Instance and Appellate Courts within the Four Judicial Environments under the Supreme Court. https://jdih.mahkamahagung.go.id/legal-product/sk-kma-nomor-359kmaskxii2022/detail
Drakokhrust, T., & Martsenko, N. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in the Modern Judicial System. Journal of Modern Educational Research, 1, 1-7. https://www.doi.org/10.53964/jmer.2022005
European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice. (2018, December 3-4). European Ethical Charter on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Systems and Their Environment (Adopted at the 31st Plenary Meeting of the CEPEJ). Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/ethical-charter-en-for-publication-4-december-2018/16808f699c
Fagan, F., & Levmore, S. (2019). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Rules, Standards, and Judicial Discretion. Southern California Law Review, 93(1), 1-35. Retrieved from https://southerncalifornialawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/93_1_Levmore.pdf
Fine, A., & Marsh, S. (2024). Judicial Leadership Matters (Yet Again): The Association between Judge and Public Trust for Artificial Intelligence in Courts. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 4(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00142-3
Getman, A. P., Yaroshenko, O. M., Shapoval, R. V., Prokopiev, R. Y., & Demura, M. I. (2023). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Legal Decision-Making. International Comparative Jurisprudence, 9(2), 155-169. https://doi.org/10.13165/j.icj.2023.12.001
Goodman, B., & Flaxman, S. (2017). European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision-Making and a “Right to Explanation”. AI Magazine, 38(3), 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v38i3.2741
Irwansyah. (2020). Penelitian Hukum: Pilihan Metode & Praktik Penulisan Artikel. Mirra Buana Media.
Karnow, C. E. A. (2016). The Application of Traditional Tort Theory to Embodied Machine Intelligence. In R. Calo et al. (Eds.), Robot Law (pp. 51-77). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783476732.00010
Kiliç, M. (2021). Ethical-Juridical Inquiry Regarding the Effect of Artificial Intelligence Applications on Legal Profession and Legal Practices. John Marshall Law Journal, 14(2), 202-226. https://www.johnmarshall.edu/lawreview/wp-content/uploads/2021-AJMLS-Spring-Journal-XIV2-Muharrem-Kilic.pdf
Kurniawan, K. S., & Kurniawan, I. G. A. (2025). The Limitations of Lex Generalis: Analyzing the Readiness of the GDPR and PDP Law for AI-Based Facial Recognition Technology. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 7(2), 838-852. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v7i2.533
Kurum, S. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Judicial Decision-Making: Opportunities, Challenges, and Ethical Boundaries. Global Insights Journal, 4(1), 11-22. Retrieved from https://globalinsightsjournal.com/gij/index.php/journal/article/view/67
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 1981 on the Code of Criminal Procedure (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 1981 Number 76, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3209). https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang/detail/755
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 48 of 2009 on the Judicial Power (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2009 Number 157, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5076). https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang/detail/585
Lupo, G. (2019). Regulating (Artificial) Intelligence in Justice: How Normative Frameworks Protect Citizens from the Risks Related to AI Use in the Judiciary. European Quarterly of Political Attitudes and Mentalities, 8(2), 75-96. Retrieved from https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/62463
Millar, J., & Kerr, I. (2016). Delegation, Relinquishment, and Responsibility: The Prospect of Expert Robots. In R. Calo et al. (Eds.), Robot Law (pp. 102-128). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783476732.00012
Qamar, N., & Rezah, F. S. (2020). Metode Penelitian Hukum: Doktrinal dan Non-Doktrinal. CV. Social Politic Genius (SIGn). https://books.google.co.id/books?id=TAQHEAAAQBAJ
Rezah, F. S., & Sapada, A. T. (2023). The Independence and Accountability of the Constitutional Court in the Constitutional System in Indonesia. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 4(2), 247-260. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v4i2.166
Sampara, S., & Husen, L. O. (2016). Metode Penelitian Hukum. Kretakupa Print.
Simamora, S., Pakpahan, Z. A., & Toni, T. (2024). Judicial Review of Pretrial Rulings: A Critical Analysis of Their Authority and Influence. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 6(2), 40-51. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v6i2.367
Sourdin, T. (2018). Judge v Robot? Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Decision-Making. UNSW Law Journal, 41(4), 1114-1133. Retrieved from https://www.unsw.edu.au/content/dam/pdfs/law/unsw-law-journal/2010-2019/Vol-No-41-4-Sourdin.pdf
Suhartono, A., & Panjaitan, H. (2025). Normative Reconstruction of Asset Forfeiture: A Legal Pathway Following Demise of Corruption Suspects. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 7(2), 682-707. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v7i2.511
Sutopo, R. B. P., & Panjaitan, H. (2025). A Juridical Demarcation: Reconstructing the Proof of Mens Rea to Differentiate Policy and Corruption by Public Officials. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 7(2), 765-784. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v7i2.525
Wibowo, A. M. (2025). The Future of Copyright Protection for AI-Generated Art: Lessons from the Ghiblification Phenomenon. SIGn Journal of Social Science, 6(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjss.v6i1.436
Xu, Z. (2022). Human Judges in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 36(1), 1025-1045. https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2021.2013652














