Legal Protection for Banking Institutions in Small and Medium Enterprise Credit Agreements
Abstract
Legal protection for banking institutions in Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Credit Agreements is a fundamental issue in maintaining the financial system’s stability and promoting economic growth. This research analyzes the legal framework and legal certainty of protection for banks in SME Credit Agreements in Indonesia. This normative legal research uses a statute approach, with primary data sources in the form of relevant legislation and secondary data sources in business law literature. The results show that the juridical basis of protection for banks consists of preventive regulations (prudential principles, credit agreements, collateral, FSA supervision) and repressive regulations (credit restructuring, collateral execution, dispute resolution). Although this legal framework is comprehensive, its implementation faces significant challenges, such as inconsistent law enforcement, legal loopholes in collateral regulations, and the complexity of the judicial process. To improve legal certainty, regulatory reform, capacity building of law enforcement officials, information technology adoption, and supervision strengthening are recommended. Thus, this research contributes to strengthening legal protection for banking institutions, which will support the creation of a healthy and sustainable credit ecosystem for SMEs.
Downloads
References
Aprita, S. (2021). Peranan Peer to Peer Lending dalam Menyalurkan Pendanaan pada Usaha Kecil dan Menengah. Jurnal Hukum Samudra Keadilan, 16(1), 37-61. https://doi.org/10.33059/jhsk.v16i1.3407
Bittie, K. A., Sondakh, J., & Singal, R. (2024). Aspek Hukum Perjanjian Kredit Usaha Rakyat: Prosedur dan Pelaksanaannya. Lex Administratum, 12(2), 1-13. Retrieved from https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/administratum/article/view/55587
Budiman, H., Akhmaddhian, S., Dialog, B. L., Anugrah, D., & Fernanda, A. B. (2024). Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Nasabah dalam Perjanjian Kredit Bank terkait Risiko yang Timbul Akibat Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Bedah Hukum, 8(1), 53-68. https://doi.org/10.36596/jbh.v8i1.1328
Colonial Regulations, Staatsblad Number 23 of 1847 on the Burgerlijk Wetboek voor Indonesie/the Civil Code. https://jdih.mahkamahagung.go.id/legal-product/kitab-undang-undang-hukum-perdata/detail
Crisyanti, D., Nurlaily, N., & Seroja, T. D. (2023). Dynamics of Conflict and Dispute Resolution in Culinary Business Partnership Agreements. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 5(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v5i1.260
Danil, D., & Thamrin, A. (2021). Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Kreditur dalam Perjanjian Kredit Menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan. Journal of Social Science, Humanitis and Humaniora Adpertisi, 1(2), 1-7. Retrieved from https://jurnal.adpertisi.or.id/index.php/JSSHHA/article/view/229
Dewantara, R., & Nufitasari, D. (2021). Politik Hukum Pengaturan Mengenai Tindakan Pencegahan Non Performing Loan pada Bank dalam Masa Pandemik dengan Pendekatan Konsep Bifurkasi Hukum. Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum, 6(1), 66-83. https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v6i1.176
Dewi, T., Sitompul, M. G., & Hidayati, W. (2022). Penyelesaian Wanprestasi dalam Perjanjian Pinjaman Kredit Umum Pedesaan (KUPEDES) (Studi Kasus PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk Unit Tanete Rilau). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Pangkajene Kepulauan, 3, 624-636. https://doi.org/10.51978/proppnp.v3i1.295
Disemadi, H. S. (2019). Risk Management in the Provision of People’s Business Credit as Implementation of Prudential Principles. Diponegoro Law Journal, 4(2), 194-208. https://doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.4.2.2019.194-208
Disemadi, H. S. (2022). Lenses of Legal Research: A Descriptive Essay on Legal Research Methodologies. Journal of Judicial Review, 24(2), 289-304. https://doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v24i2.7280
Fatmawati, M. C. (2024). Perlindungan Konsumen dalam Perjanjian Kredit Perbankan Sesuai dengan Prinsip Proporsionalitas menurut Hukum Indonesia. Syariah: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 1(2), 351-358. Retrieved from https://jurnalistiqomah.org/index.php/syariah/article/view/651
Financial Services Authority. (2023, 4 July). Indonesia Banking Surveillance Report (Quarter I 2023). https://ojk.go.id/id/kanal/perbankan/data-dan-statistik/laporan-profil-industri-perbankan/Pages/Laporan-Profil-Industri-Perbankan---Triwulan-I-2023.aspx
Ingarasi, P., & Suwigno, N. P. (2022). The Benefits of Registered Trademark for MSME Actors in Surakarta City: A Case Study of IPR Protection. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 4(2), 233-246. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v4i2.187
Ju, A. B., Tng, A., Weley, N. C., & Disemadi, H. S. (2021). Perlindungan Nasabah dalam Penerapan Electronic Banking Sebagai Bagian Aktifitas Bisnis Perbankan di Indonesia. Jurnal Perspektif Administrasi dan Bisnis, 2(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.38062/jpab.v2i1.16
Kautsar, T. A., & Apriani, R. (2022). Wanprestasi Debitur dalam Perjanjian Kredit Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM). Jurnal Pendidikan dan Konseling, 4(5), 7936-7949. https://doi.org/10.31004/jpdk.v4i5.7968
Langit, E. S., & Setyorini, E. H. (2022). Perlindungan Hukum Debitur Wanprestasi Pada Perjanjian Kredit Rumah Atas Jaminan Hak Tanggungan. Bureaucracy Journal: Indonesian Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance, 2(2), 777-793. https://doi.org/10.53363/bureau.v2i2.107
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 1992 on Banking (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 1992 Number 31, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3472). https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang/detail/622
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4 of 1996 on Mortgage Rights on Land and Objects Related to Land (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 1996 Number 42, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3632). https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang/detail/475
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 1998 on Amendment to Law Number 7 of 1992 on Banking (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 1998 Number 182, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3790). https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang/detail/468
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 30 of 1999 on Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 1999 Number 138, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3872). https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang/detail/431
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 42 of 1999 on Fiduciary Security (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 1999 Number 168, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3889). https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang/detail/443
Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2011 on the Financial Services Authority (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2011 Number 111, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5253). https://www.dpr.go.id/dokumen/jdih/undang-undang/detail/1642
Manangin, S. A. (2022). The Clause of the Murabahah Financing Agreement in Sharia Banking. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 3(2), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.37276/sjh.v3i2.160
Maulana, M. A., Diah, S. R. S., Arifin, Z., & Soegianto, S. (2021). Klausula Baku dalam Perjanjian Kredit Bank Perkreditan Rakyat. Jurnal Usm Law Review, 4(1), 208-225. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v4i1.3369
Nurkhasanah, K. I., Fazarona, D., & Asnanti, C. (2025). Legal Protection for Creditors Holding Second Rank Collateral that Cannot Be Executed. Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Technology, 3(2), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.55927/marcopolo.v3i2.10
Nurohman, M., Saputra, M. L., Sanjaya, S. P., Rahmandita, Z. K., & Anugrah, D. (2024). Mekanisme Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pihak dalam Perikatan Kredit Perbankan. Letterlijk: Jurnal Hukum Perdata, 1(2), 137-152. Retrieved from https://journal.fhukum.uniku.ac.id/letterlijk/article/view/76
Putri, A. D. R., & Jamilah, L. (2023). Perjanjian Jaminan Personal Guarantee dalam Terwujudnya Kepastian Hukum. Bandung Conference Series: Law Studies, 3(1), 552-558. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsls.v3i1.5050
Qamar, N., & Rezah, F. S. (2020). Metode Penelitian Hukum: Doktrinal dan Non-Doktrinal. CV. Social Politic Genius (SIGn).
Rahayu, F. S., Samsiah, S., & Hinggo, H. T. (2021). Analisis Prinsip 5C dan 7P dalam Pemberian Kredit untuk Meminimalisir Kredit Bermasalah dan Meningkatkan Profitabilitas: Studi Kasus pada Swamitra Pekanbaru. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ekonomi Bisnis & Akuntansi, 1, 20-27. Retrieved from https://ejurnal.umri.ac.id/index.php/sneba/article/view/2653
Regulation of Bank Indonesia Number 14/15/PBI/2012 on Asset Quality Assessment of Commercial Banks (State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia of 2012 Number 202, Supplement to the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5354). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/137449/peraturan-bi-no-1415pbi2012
Ruslya, N. M. L., Budiartha, I. N. P., & Widiati, I. A. P. (2021). Penyelesaian Perjanjian Kredit Terhadap Debitur yang Wanprestasi di PT. Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Hari Depan Denpasar. Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum, 2(3), 531-536. https://doi.org/10.22225/jkh.2.3.3631.531-536
Sampara, S., & Husen, L. O. (2016). Metode Penelitian Hukum. Kretakupa Print.
Sholichah, S., Cornelis, V. I., Astutik, S., & Soekorini, N. (2023). Efektifitas Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kreditur dalam Perjanjian Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) Mikro Pada Bank Jatim Cabang Tulungagung. Court Review: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum, 3(5), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.69957/cr.v3i05.1496
Siregar, N. R., & Putra, M. F. M. (2022). Tinjauan Hukum Kekuatan Eksekutorial Terhadap Permohonan Lelang Eksekusi Hak Tanggungan Atas Debitur Wanprestasi. Jurnal Usm Law Review, 5(1), 128-143. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v5i1.4872
Sitompul, R. W., Sitorus, N., Devi, R. S., & Hamonangan, A. (2022). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kreditur Pada Perjanjian Kredit dengan Jaminan Hak Tanggungan. Jurnal Rectum: Tinjauan Yuridis Penanganan Tindak Pidana, 4(1), 95-109. Retrieved from https://ejurnal.darmaagung.ac.id/index.php/jurnalrectum/article/view/1445
Solahudin, M. S., & Attamimi, Z. F. (2024). Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Koperasi Simpan Pinjam dalam Penyelesaian Kredit Macet (Studi Lembaga Keuangan Mikro Dana Yaksa Mino Saroyo Kabupaten Cilacap). Journal Equitable, 9(2), 16-33. Retrieved from https://ejurnal.umri.ac.id/index.php/JEQ/article/view/6335
Suarjana, I. K. M., Rumimpunu, D., & Roeroe, S. D. L. (2021). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Debitur dan Kreditur dalam Situasi Covid-19. Lex Privatum, 9(3), 5-14. Retrieved from https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/lexprivatum/article/view/33241
Wihandriati, W. (2022). Perlindungan Hukum Kreditur Terhadap Obyek Fidusia Akibat Perjanjian Kredit Sebelumnya. Media of Law and Sharia, 4(1), 75-88. Retrieved from https://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/mlsj/article/view/16832
Zia, H. (2020). Pengaturan Pengembangan UMKM di Indonesia. Rio Law Jurnal, 1(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.36355/rlj.v1i1.328
Copyright (c) 2025 Regina Ulianna Sirait, Lu Sudirman, Hari Sutra Disemadi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
